They warned the Federation that their current government was incapable of sustaining rapid and constant outward growth. The Federation was relying too much on its bureaucracy and local governments, and the result was potentially disastrous. The Vulcans took the federation’s outright refusal to overhaul the system into a democracy as the last nail in the coffin of human/Vulcan relations. The conservative integrationists who had seen the Federation’s birth and evolution lost the cold war of logic to the Neophiles, a reactionary group of impetuous, liberal youths who thought it was in Vulcan’s best interests to end formal allegiance to the Federation and withdraw their membership. Vulcans with a taste for the old days are free to join Starfleet, but the race has no official role in Federation politics.

There is another new group of Vulcans, called the Laughingkind. They have forsaken the old logical ways and have surrendered to their emotions, but with a twist. They only allow themselves to feel positive emotions. As a result, they’re always laughing in the face of danger, or grinning their way through a hopeless situation.

The Klingons have not taken the last two centuries well. Their official membership in the Federation has led to a dilution of their warrior culture. Where before they were born warriors, die by the sword, they now observe the old ways as an impotent tradition. The old ways still have power for them, and they still believe the old ideas, but their recent dedication to expansion and the gathering of personal wealth for the aristocratic families have clouded their old ways. The famous Klingon temperament is still as volatile as ever, but they are in better overall control of their emotions.

I would also bring about a different class of Klingon.  It's always been a mystery as to why TOS Klingons looked so different from the modern ones.  Here's the explanation:

TOS Klingons were a secondary species of Klingon, who evolved naturally on the planet.  They were a rigid caste system, where TOS Klingons in control of politics, medicine and science, while the modern Klingons were the warriors.  TOS Klingons were eventually overthrown by the warrior Klingons, who replaced the government with their own militaristic society.  They were believed to have been wiped out, but TOS Klingons merely fled into a different society...the Romulans.  They were accepted by them, and in a few hundred years had blended seamlessly into the Romulan genome.  That's why the Klingons hate the Romulans so much, and why the Romulans (apparently from the same original genetic stock as Vulcans) have that odd eyebrow ridge.  But some of TOS Klingons didn't join the Romulans, and have recently tried to regain control of the old Klingon empire.   

They haven’t changed all that much. The ruling class has weathered the Dominion War well, and most of the collaborators have been expunged. They are outwardly penitent of their past sins, but there is still a tinge of sneakiness to their sometimes questionable activities.

They are completely at home in the bureaucratic corruption of the new (old) Federation. They have joined the Federation and are some of the most active participants in the political maneuverings. They have enacted broad social change in their domestic lives, and are now dealing with a faction of logical thinkers that have had great influence among the younger students.

They have changed very little, but their higher population and more exposure to the Federation has caused them to join Starfleet in record numbers.  On a personal note, I always found the depiction of Ferengi to have the slightest tinge of anti-Semitism.  They appear to be a broad caricature of insidious Jewish stereotypes, with big noses, bad teeth, short stature, with money and profit being their sole motivation.  I find that very disturbing, and wonder how a socially conscious show like Star Trek could let that happen.